Development and external validation of a nomogram predicting prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy.

OBJECTIVE

To create multivariable models with readily available clinicopathologic variables for predicting the prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed as UTUC and underwent radical nephroureterectomy in 2 high volumes, tertiary care centers. A total of 445 patients and 227 patients met the inclusion criteria were included for constructing the prediction model and external validation, respectively. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to analyze independent risk factors, and nomogram and calibration curve were constructed by R project.

RESULTS

The median follow-up for the development and external validation cohorts were 33.5 and 32.5 months, respectively. Multivariable analysis detected older age (≥65 years), with concurrent bladder cancer at diagnosis, with both ureter and renal pelvic tumor, lymphovascular invasion, urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation, higher pathological grade and stage, and positive lymph node were significantly associated with poorer outcome of UTUC. The c-index of the nomogram with these above-mentioned independent risk factors to predict the cancer specific survival was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.64-0.84) and 0.73 (95%CI, 0.59-0.87) for the development cohort and external validation cohort, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed and externally validated a novel and accurate nomogram with readily available clinicopathological information for predicting the cancer specific survival of UTUC. This nomogram could help clinicians stratify patients with UTUC into different risk groups with distinct prognosis by the total scores obtained from the prediction tool, thus facilitate decision-making and clinical trial designing.