Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 23;9(1):416. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36617-4.
Graphene oxide (GO), the most common derivative of graphene, is an exceptional nanomaterial that possesses multiple physical properties critical for biomedical applications. GO exhibits pH-dependent fluorescence emission in the visible/near-infrared, providing a possibility of molecular imaging and pH-sensing. It is also water soluble and has a substantial platform for functionalization, allowing for the delivery of multiple therapeutics. GO physical properties are modified to enhance cellular internalization, producing fluorescent nanoflakes with low (<15%) cytotoxicity at the imaging concentrations of 15 μg/mL. As a result, at lower flake sizes GO rapidly internalizes into HeLa cells with the following 70% fluorescence based clearance at 24 h, assessed by its characteristic emission in red/near-IR. pH-dependence of GO emission is utilized to provide the sensing of acidic extracellular environments of cancer cells. The results demonstrate diminishing green/red (550/630 nm) fluorescence intensity ratios for HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells in comparison to HEK-293 healthy cells suggesting a potential use of GO as a non-invasive optical sensor for cancer microenvironments. The results of this work demonstrate the potential of GO as a novel multifunctional platform for therapeutic delivery, biological imaging and cancer sensing.
氧化石墨烯（GO）是石墨烯最常见的衍生物，是一种具有多种物理特性的特殊纳米材料，对生物医学应用至关重要。GO 在可见光/近红外范围内表现出依赖 pH 值的荧光发射，为分子成像和 pH 传感提供了可能性。它还具有水溶性和大量的功能化平台，允许递送多种治疗药物。GO 的物理性质经过修饰以增强细胞内化，产生具有低（<15%）细胞毒性的荧光纳米薄片，在 15μg/mL 的成像浓度下。结果表明，GO 以较小的薄片尺寸迅速内化进入 HeLa 细胞，在 24 小时后通过其在红色/近红外的特征发射评估，其清除率达到 70%。GO 发射的 pH 依赖性用于提供癌细胞外酸性环境的传感。结果表明，与 HEK-293 健康细胞相比，HeLa 和 MCF-7 癌细胞的绿色/红色（550/630nm）荧光强度比降低，表明 GO 作为用于癌症微环境的非侵入性光学传感器具有潜在用途。这项工作的结果表明了 GO 作为治疗药物递送、生物成像和癌症传感的新型多功能平台的潜力。
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