State of provincial regulations and guidelines to promote low impact development (LID) alternatives across Canada: Content analysis and comparative assessment.

The use of Low Impact Development (LID) alternatives requires the establishment of appropriate regulations and guidelines on acceptable practices and developing consensus among stakeholders, thus assuring the rights of all water-users and for conflict resolution. This content analysis aims to examine whether stormwater regulations and guidelines have addressed the use of LID alternatives in urban settings and compares the current state of regulations in the context of Canadian provinces and territories., A list of eight core criteria relevant to the implementation of LID has been identified and an ordinal scale ranging from 1 to 6 is proposed to track the progress towards LID-friendly regulations in each province. Furthermore, based on comparative assessment, Canadian provinces are categorized into three groups: 'highly, moderately, and slightly LID-friendly' to project a broad view of the current state of regulations required to promote LID alternatives. . Results show that LID has become the mainstream technology for stormwater management in Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, which are categorized as 'highly LID-friendly' provinces. The provinces where LID alternatives have gained considerable acceptance are categorized as 'moderately LID-friendly', which include Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan. Lastly, the province of New Brunswick is categorized as 'slightly LID-friendly', because of very limited use of LID alternatives in the stormwater management regulations. These findings of this content analysis can be of significant value to strengthen provincial/territorial regulations and extend the benefits of LID in stormwater quality management and sustainable water management.