Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin; Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland.
Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin; Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Feb 22;16(4):647. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16040647.
The aim of this study was to verify whether eight-week-long swimming exercise training would evaluate the level of selected indicators of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant status in response to cold water in comparison with swimming under thermoneutral conditions in sedentary male and female elderly rats. The exercise-trained groups swam four min/day and five days a week during eight weeks of housing. Exercise was performed by swimming in glass tanks containing tap water maintained according to group at 5 °C and 36 °C. At the end of treatment (48 h after the last session), all rats were anaesthetized. The level of chosen biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity was determined in the red blood cells and plasma. The results of study show that female rats seem to be better adapted to changing thermal conditions of the environment, developing not only morphological, but also antioxidant, defense mechanisms, mainly in the form of increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) concentration to restore the pro-oxidant/oxidant balance of the organism. Significantly higher concentrations of GSH were observed in the female rats of the group swimming in cold water (by 15.4% compared to the control group and by 20.5% in relation to the group of female rats swimming at 36 °C). In the group exposed to swimming training exercise in cold water, a significantly higher activity of SOD1 (by 13.4%) was found compared to the control group. On the other hand, the organs of ageing male rats show a reduced capacity to increase the metabolic response to low temperatures compared to female ones. In addition, it was demonstrated that cold exposure leads to an increase in lipid peroxidation in tissues. On the other hand, the repeated exposure to low levels of oxidative stress may result in some adaptive changes in organisms that help them to resist stress-induced damage.
本研究旨在验证八周的游泳运动训练是否会在冷水中评估所选促氧化剂/抗氧化状态指标的水平，与在恒温条件下游泳的久坐雄性和雌性老年大鼠相比。运动训练组在八周的饲养期间每天游泳四分钟，每周游泳五天。运动是在装有自来水的玻璃水箱中进行的，水箱根据组别的不同，水温保持在 5°C 和 36°C。在治疗结束时（最后一次游泳后 48 小时），所有大鼠均被麻醉。在红细胞和血浆中测定选择的氧化应激生物标志物和抗氧化酶活性的水平。研究结果表明，雌性大鼠似乎更能适应环境的热变化条件，不仅形成形态学上的，而且还形成抗氧化防御机制，主要形式是增加红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的浓度，以恢复机体的促氧化剂/氧化剂平衡。在冷水中游泳的雌性大鼠组中，GSH 的浓度显著升高（与对照组相比升高 15.4%，与在 36°C 游泳的雌性大鼠组相比升高 20.5%）。在暴露于冷水游泳训练运动的组中，SOD1 的活性显著升高（与对照组相比升高 13.4%）。另一方面，与雌性大鼠相比，老年雄性大鼠的器官对低温下代谢反应的增加能力降低。此外，已经证明，冷暴露会导致组织中的脂质过氧化增加。另一方面，反复暴露于低水平的氧化应激可能会导致生物体发生一些适应性变化，帮助它们抵抗应激诱导的损伤。
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