Use of Biliary Organoids in Cholestasis Research.

Cholangiocytes play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of cholestasis. However, research on human cholangiocytes has been restricted by challenges in long-term propagation and large-scale expansion of primary biliary epithelium. The advent of organoid technology has overcome this limitation allowing long-term culture of a variety of epithelia from multiple organs. Here, we describe two methods for growing human cholangiocytes in organoid format. The first applies to the generation of intrahepatic bile ducts using human induced pluripotent stem cells using a protocol of differentiation that recapitulates physiological bile duct development. The second method allows the propagation of primary biliary epithelium from the extrahepatic ducts or gallbladder. Both protocols result in large numbers of cholangiocyte organoids expressing biliary markers and maintaining key cholangiocyte functions.