Behavioural Phenotypic Plasticity of Submerged Oviposition in Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata).

Emerald damselfly is a common species within the temperate zone, with no special need for protection. The tactic of submerged oviposition is well known from other Odonata species, but has rarely been noticed or described in . Our study investigated the tactics of oviposition in this species, and shows that submerged oviposition indeed occurs frequently in . We experimentally tested the difference in the roles of males and females during the submerged ovipositional behaviour by combining males/females from submerging populations with males/females from non-submerging populations. We discovered that, whereas submerging males coupling with non-submerging females did not lead to submersion, the opposite combination of pairs submerged. Other patterns of submersions are discussed further in this paper. Our research led to the conclusion that damselflies have the ability to learn and react to different situations in keeping with the learning potential of insects in general.