超越系统1和系统2。
Moving Beyond System 1 and System 2.
作者信息
De Houwer Jan
机构信息
Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
出版信息
Exp Psychol. 2019 Jul;66(4):257-265. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000450.
It is generally assumed that relational knowledge is the foundation of higher cognition such as (analogical and conditional) reasoning, language, the use of relational categories, and planning. Dual-system models (e.g., Kahneman, 2011) that divide the realm of cognition into two systems with opposing properties (e.g., fast vs. slow, intentional vs. unintentional, conscious vs. unconscious, associative vs. propositional) foster the view that other psychological phenomena are not relational in nature. In this paper, I argue that the impact of relational knowledge is more widespread than dual-system models imply. More specifically, I review evidence suggesting that also Pavlovian conditioning, implicit evaluation, and habitual responding are mediated by relational knowledge. Considering the idea that relational knowledge underlies also fast, unintentional, unconscious, and seemingly associative psychological phenomena is not only theoretically important but also reveals new opportunities for influencing thinking and behavior.
一般认为，关系知识是诸如（类比和条件）推理、语言、关系范畴的运用以及规划等高阶认知的基础。双系统模型（如卡尼曼，2011）将认知领域划分为两个具有相反属性的系统（如快速与慢速、有意与无意、有意识与无意识、联想与命题），这助长了一种观点，即其他心理现象在本质上并非关系性的。在本文中，我认为关系知识的影响比双系统模型所暗示的更为广泛。更具体地说，我回顾了证据，表明巴甫洛夫条件作用、内隐评价和习惯性反应也由关系知识介导。认为关系知识也是快速、无意、无意识且看似联想的心理现象的基础，这不仅在理论上很重要，而且还揭示了影响思维和行为的新机会。
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