Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine; & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
Nutrients. 2019 Sep 13;11(9):2216. doi: 10.3390/nu11092216.
The human intestine contains an intricate ecological community of dwelling bacteria, referred as gut microbiota (GM), which plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis. Multiple factors could interfere with this delicate balance, including genetics, age, antibiotics, as well as environmental factors, particularly diet, thus causing a disruption of microbiota equilibrium (dysbiosis). Growing evidences support the involvement of GM dysbiosis in gastrointestinal (GI) and extra-intestinal cardiometabolic diseases, namely obesity and diabetes. This review firstly overviews the role of GM in health and disease, then critically reviews the evidences regarding the influence of dietary polyphenols in GM based on preclinical and clinical data, ending with strategies under development to improve efficiency of delivery. Although the precise mechanisms deserve further clarification, preclinical and clinical data suggest that dietary polyphenols present prebiotic properties and exert antimicrobial activities against pathogenic GM, having benefits in distinct disorders. Specifically, dietary polyphenols have been shown ability to modulate GM composition and function, interfering with bacterial quorum sensing, membrane permeability, as well as sensitizing bacteria to xenobiotics. In addition, can impact on gut metabolism and immunity and exert anti-inflammatory properties. In order to overcome the low bioavailability, several different approaches have been developed, aiming to improve solubility and transport of dietary polyphenols throughout the GI tract and deliver in the targeted intestinal regions. Although more research is still needed, particularly translational and clinical studies, the biotechnological progresses achieved during the last years open up good perspectives to, in a near future, be able to improve the use of dietary polyphenols modulating GM in a broad range of disorders characterized by a dysbiotic phenotype.
人类肠道内栖息着复杂的细菌生态群落，被称为肠道微生物群（GM），在宿主的体内平衡中起着关键作用。多种因素可能会干扰这种微妙的平衡，包括遗传、年龄、抗生素以及环境因素，尤其是饮食，从而导致微生物群落平衡的破坏（失调）。越来越多的证据表明 GM 失调与胃肠道（GI）和肠道外的心血管代谢疾病有关，例如肥胖和糖尿病。本综述首先概述了 GM 在健康和疾病中的作用，然后批判性地回顾了基于临床前和临床数据的饮食多酚对 GM 的影响的证据，最后介绍了正在开发的提高递送效率的策略。尽管确切的机制仍有待进一步阐明，但临床前和临床数据表明，饮食多酚具有益生元特性，并对致病性 GM 具有抗菌活性，对多种疾病有益。具体来说，饮食多酚已被证明能够调节 GM 的组成和功能，干扰细菌群体感应、膜通透性，并使细菌对异源生物敏感。此外，还可以影响肠道代谢和免疫，发挥抗炎作用。为了克服低生物利用度，已经开发了几种不同的方法，旨在提高饮食多酚在整个胃肠道中的溶解度和运输，并在靶向肠道区域进行递送。尽管仍需要更多的研究，特别是转化和临床研究，但近年来生物技术的进展为在不久的将来能够改善饮食多酚调节 GM 的利用提供了良好的前景，从而在广泛的以菌群失调表型为特征的疾病中发挥作用。
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