Institute for History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
Institute for History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
Pathol Res Pract. 2019 Dec;215(12):152679. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152679. Epub 2019 Oct 7.
The Jewish pathologist Carl Julius Rothberger (1871-1945) is undoubtedly one of the most important representatives of his field. His studies on atrial fibrillation, the bundle branch block and arrhythmia perpetua in particular secured him a place in medical history. Rothberger also gave the name to an agar used to prove the neutral red reduction of salmonella (Rothberger-Scheffler agar). While Rothberger's name is well known in pathology, his biography and his experiences of stigmatization as a Jewish university lecturer have received little attention. The latter are therefore the focus of this paper. Three central research questions need to be answered: What effect did Rothberger's Jewish origins have on his personal life and on his career at the University of Vienna in the first third of the 20th century? What personal changes resulted from the "Anschluss" ("annexation") of Austria to the German Reich (1938) and the assumption of power by the National Socialists? And finally, what role does Rothberger play in the collective memory of the city of Vienna today - does a kind of public memory exist? The current work is based on extensive primary sources from the Archives of the University of Vienna, the manuscript collection of the Archives of the Medical Faculty there and the Austrian State Archives. Some of these primary sources have been evaluated for the first time. They have been supplemented by contemporary newspaper articles and the relevant secondary literature. Although Rothberger grew up in a largely assimilated upper middle-class family in which religious practice hardly played a role, he was exposed to considerable anti-Semitic and repressive actions, especially from the 1920s onwards. However, these repressions only become apparent at second glance. Stages of increasing rights deprivation included (1) Rothberger's frustratingly unsuccessful applications for the Chair of General and Experimental Pathology, which had been vacant since 1924, (2) his forced early retirement (1936/37), (3) an exclusion order against him along with temporary imprisonment after the "annexation" (1938), and (4) the final closure of the institute which he had helped develop and shape over decades (1942). An active public debate on the victims of National Socialism has been taking place in Vienna and at its university since the turn of the millennium. In this context, Carl Julius Rothberger was officially commemorated at a ceremony in 2010 - a late attempt to rescue him and his work from collective oblivion.
犹太病理学家卡尔·朱利叶斯·罗特伯格（Carl Julius Rothberger，1871-1945 年）无疑是该领域最重要的代表之一。他对心房颤动、束支传导阻滞和持续性心律失常的研究使他在医学史上占有一席之地。罗特伯格还为一种用于证明沙门氏菌中性红还原的琼脂命名（罗特伯格-谢弗勒琼脂，Rothberger-Scheffler agar）。虽然罗特伯格在病理学领域广为人知，但他的传记和作为犹太大学讲师所受到的污名化却很少受到关注。因此，本文的重点是后者。需要回答三个核心研究问题：罗特伯格的犹太血统对他的个人生活以及他在 20 世纪前 1/3 年维也纳大学的职业生涯有何影响？1938 年奥地利被德国吞并（“吞并”）以及纳粹上台后，他个人发生了哪些变化？最后，罗特伯格在维也纳市的集体记忆中扮演什么角色——是否存在一种公共记忆？目前的工作基于维也纳大学档案馆、那里的医学系手稿收藏和奥地利国家档案馆的大量原始资料。其中一些原始资料是首次进行评估的。此外，还补充了同期的报纸文章和相关的二手文献。尽管罗特伯格在一个宗教信仰几乎没有发挥作用的、很大程度上同化的中上层阶级家庭中长大，但他还是受到了相当多的反犹太主义和镇压行为的影响，尤其是从 20 世纪 20 年代开始。然而，这些镇压行为只有在仔细观察后才会显现出来。权利剥夺的阶段包括：（1）罗特伯格令人沮丧的未能获得自 1924 年以来空缺的一般和实验病理学教授职位；（2）他被迫提前退休（1936/37 年）；（3）在“吞并”后（1938 年）对他下达驱逐令并临时监禁；（4）最终关闭了他几十年来帮助发展和塑造的研究所（1942 年）。自千禧年之交以来，维也纳及其大学一直在就纳粹主义的受害者进行积极的公开辩论。在这种背景下，卡尔·朱利叶斯·罗特伯格于 2010 年在一次仪式上被正式纪念——这是从集体遗忘中拯救他和他的作品的一次迟到的尝试。
