Distribution and human-caused mortality of Persian leopards in Iran, based on unpublished data and Farsi gray literature.

Gray literature and data from unpublished sources can provide important scientific information that has not been published scientifically. The Persian leopard (hereafter leopard) is classed as endangered on the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and also is one of the least-studied subspecies of leopard. It occurs in the Caucasus and Central and Southwest Asia. Iran contains more than 75% of the leopard's extant range, and the leopard population in this country serves as a source for neighboring countries. In this study, we determined the distribution and human-caused mortality of leopards in Iran, by reviewing unpublished data and Farsi gray literature (which includes government reports) between 1 January 2010 and 30 December 2018. We created the most recent distribution map of the leopard in Iran. Our data display that human-caused mortality of leopard in Iran mostly includes poaching and intentional poisoning, and roadkill.