Breast Cancer Program, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California.
Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.
Cancer Res. 2020 Mar 1;80(5):1102-1117. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-2374. Epub 2020 Jan 7.
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) promote triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression. Here, we report BRCA1-IRIS-overexpressing (IRISOE) TNBC cells secrete high levels of GM-CSF in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α)- and a NF-κB-dependent manner to recruit macrophages to IRISOE cells and polarize them to protumor M2 TAMs. GM-CSF triggered TGFβ1 expression by M2 TAMs by activating STAT5, NF-κB, and/or ERK signaling. Despite expressing high levels of TGFβ1 receptors on their surface, IRISOE TNBC cells channeled TGFβ1/TβRI/II signaling toward AKT, not SMAD, which activated stemness/EMT phenotypes. In orthotopic and syngeneic mouse models, silencing or inactivating IRIS in TNBC cells lowered the levels of circulating GM-CSF, suppressed TAM recruitment, and decreased the levels of circulating TGFβ1. Coinjecting macrophages with IRISOE TNBC cells induced earlier metastasis in athymic mice accompanied by high levels of circulating GM-CSF and TGFβ1. IRISOE TNBC cells expressed low levels of calreticulin (the "eat me" signal for macrophages) and high levels of CD47 (the "do not eat me" signal for macrophages) and PD-L1 (a T-cell inactivator) on their surface. Accordingly, IRISOE TNBC tumors had significantly few CD8/PD-1 cytotoxic T cells and more CD25/FOXP3 regulatory T cells. These data show that the bidirectional interaction between IRISOE cells and macrophages triggers an immunosuppressive microenvironment within TNBC tumors that is favorable for the generation of immune-evading/stem-like/IRISOE TNBC metastatic precursors. Inhibiting this interaction may inhibit disease progression and enhance patients' overall survival. SIGNIFICANCE: The BRCA1-IRIS oncogene promotes breast cancer aggressiveness by recruiting macrophages and promoting their M2 polarization.
肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)促进三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)的进展。在这里,我们报告 BRCA1-IRIS 过表达(IRISOE)的 TNBC 细胞以缺氧诱导因子 1α(HIF1α)和 NF-κB 依赖的方式分泌高水平的 GM-CSF,招募巨噬细胞到 IRISOE 细胞并将其极化为促肿瘤 M2 TAMs。GM-CSF 通过激活 STAT5、NF-κB 和/或 ERK 信号通路,触发 M2 TAMs 表达 TGFβ1。尽管 IRISOE TNBC 细胞表面表达高水平的 TGFβ1 受体,但它们将 TGFβ1/TβRI/II 信号通路转导到 AKT 而不是 SMAD,这激活了干性/EMT 表型。在原位和同基因小鼠模型中,沉默或失活 TNBC 细胞中的 IRIS 降低了循环 GM-CSF 的水平,抑制了 TAM 的募集,并降低了循环 TGFβ1 的水平。将巨噬细胞与 IRISOE TNBC 细胞共注射到免疫缺陷小鼠中,导致更早的转移,并伴有高水平的循环 GM-CSF 和 TGFβ1。IRISOE TNBC 细胞表面表达低水平的钙网蛋白(巨噬细胞的“吃我”信号)和高水平的 CD47(巨噬细胞的“不要吃我”信号)和 PD-L1(T 细胞抑制剂)。因此,IRISOE TNBC 肿瘤中 CD8/PD-1 细胞毒性 T 细胞明显较少,CD25/FOXP3 调节性 T 细胞较多。这些数据表明,IRISOE 细胞与巨噬细胞之间的双向相互作用在 TNBC 肿瘤内触发了有利于产生免疫逃避/干性/IRISOE TNBC 转移前体的免疫抑制微环境。抑制这种相互作用可能抑制疾病进展并提高患者的总生存率。意义:BRCA1-IRIS 癌基因通过招募巨噬细胞并促进其 M2 极化来促进乳腺癌的侵袭性。