Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Transcript Analysis of the TCP Transcription Factors in .

The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) protein, belonging to a plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) family, participates in the control of plant growth and development by regulating cell proliferation. Until now, a comprehensive study of concerning the TCP gene family and their roles in grapevine ( L.) has not been completed. Using bioinformatics approaches, 17 genes were identified and further classified into two classes, designated class I (PCF subclass) and class II (CIN and CYC/TB1 subclass), which was further supported by exon-intron organizations and conserved motif analysis. Promoter analysis demonstrated that have numerous -acting elements related to plant growth and development, phytohormone, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. The singleton duplication of grapevine genes contributed to this gene family expansion. The syntenic analyses among , , and showed that these genes located in corresponding syntenic blocks arose before the divergence of , , and . The expression levels of 17 were determined in different tissues and fruit developmental stages, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Seventeen exhibited distinct tissue-specific expression patterns, potentially illustrating the functional divergence of in all tested tissues. Eleven were down-regulated in five berry developmental stages, while three were up-regulated. Additionally, many members were strongly modulated by ABA treatment, suggesting these have important and diverse regulatory roles in ABA treatment. Our results provide valuable information on the evolution and functions of the , pave the way for further functional verification of these in grapevine.