ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging using a camera-based system.

Ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) is a novel imaging technique that provides high spatial resolution fluorescence images in centimeter-deep biological tissue. Recently, we successfully demonstrated the feasibility of USF imaging using a frequency-domain photomultiplier tube-based system. In this work, for the first time we carried out USF imaging via a camera-based USF imaging system. The system acquires a USF signal on a two-dimensional (2D) plane, which facilitates the image acquisition because the USF scanning area can be planned based on the 2D image and provides high USF photon collection efficiency. We demonstrated USF imaging in the mouse's glioblastoma tumor with multiple targets via local injection. In addition, we designed the USF contrast agents with different particle sizes (70 nm and 330 nm) so that they could bio-distribute to various organs (spleen, liver, and kidney) via intravenous (IV) injections. The results showed that the contrast agents retained stable USF properties in tumors and some organs (spleen and liver). We successfully achieved USF imaging of the mouse's spleen and liver via IV injections. The USF imaging results were compared with the images acquired from a commercial X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) system.