Oral vaccination with live attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains delivering a FliC180-LcrV fusion antigen confers protection against pulmonary Y. Pestis infection.

We incorporated the ΔP::TT araC Pfur deletion-insertion mutation on top of a previous Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mutant (Δasd ΔyopJ ΔyopK) to construct a new mutant designated as Yptb5, which manifests the arabinose-dependent regulated delayed fur (encoding ferric uptake regulator) shut-off. The Yptb5 strain was used to deliver an adjuvanted fusion protein, FliC180-LcrV. Levels of FliC180-LcrV synthesis were same in Yptb5 either harboring pSMV4, a p15A ori plasmid or pSMV8, a pSC101 ori plasmid containing the fliC180-lcrV fusion gene driven by P promoter. Tissue burdens of both Yptb5(pSMV4) and Yptb5(pSMV8) in mice had similar patterns. Mice vaccinated orally with 5 × 10 CFU of either Yptb5(pSMV4) or Yptb5(pSMV8) strain were primed high antibody titers with a balanced Th1/Th2 response, also developed potent T-cell responses with significant productions of IFN-γ, IL-17A and TNF-α. Immunization with each mutant strain conferred complete protection against pulmonary challenge with 5.5 × 10 CFU (55 LD) of Y. pestis, but partial protection (50% survival) against 100 LD of Y. pestis. Our results demonstrate that arabinose-dependent regulated delayed fur shut-off is an effective strategy to develop live attenuated bacterial vaccines while retaining strong immunogenicity.