State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China..
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 10;729:139031. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139031. Epub 2020 Apr 28.
Two important strobilurin fungicides, kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin, are widely used globally. Their effects on embryonic development and oxidative stress effects in the larvae and adult fish livers of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were assessed in our study. The hatching, mortality, and teratogenic rates were determined when the eggs of fish were exposed to kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin for 24-144 h postfertilization (hpf). For further study, the effects of kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin on antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD)], detoxification enzymes [carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)] and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of larval zebrafish (96 h) and male or female adult zebrafish livers (up to 28 d) were evaluated for potential toxicity mechanisms. The study of embryonic development revealed that both kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin caused developmental toxicity (hatching inhibition, mortality, and teratogenic rates) increase with significant concentration- and time-dependent responses, and the 144-h median lethal values (LC) of kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin were 195.0 and 81.3 μg L, respectively. In the larval zebrafish study, both kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin at the highest concentrations (100 μg L and 15 μg L, respectively) significantly increased the CAT, POD and CarE activities and MDA content compared with those of the control group (P < 0.05). We further found that oxidative stress effects in adult zebrafish livers caused by long-term kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin exposure differed with time and sex. Regarding the residues in natural waters, the potential adverse effects of kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin would be relatively low for adult zebrafish but must not be overlooked for zebrafish embryos/larvae (hatching impairment). Our results from the detoxification enzyme study also initially indicated that adult zebrafish had a greater detoxification ability than larvae and that males had a greater detoxification ability than females.
两种重要的甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂，肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯，在全球范围内广泛使用。本研究评估了它们对斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎发育和幼鱼及成鱼肝脏氧化应激的影响。在受精后 24-144 小时（hpf），当鱼卵暴露于肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯时，测定孵化率、死亡率和致畸率。为了进一步研究，评估了肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯对抗氧化酶[过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）]、解毒酶[羧酸酯酶（CarE）和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶（GST）]和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响幼鱼（96 h）和雄性或雌性成年斑马鱼肝（长达 28 天），以评估潜在的毒性机制。胚胎发育研究表明，肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯均导致发育毒性（孵化抑制、死亡率和致畸率）增加，且具有显著的浓度和时间依赖性反应，肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯的 144 小时半数致死值（LC）分别为 195.0 和 81.3 μg/L。在幼鱼研究中，与对照组相比，肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯在最高浓度（分别为 100 μg/L 和 15 μg/L）下均显著增加了 CAT、POD 和 CarE 活性和 MDA 含量（P < 0.05）。我们进一步发现，长期暴露于肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯对成年斑马鱼肝脏的氧化应激影响因时间和性别而异。关于天然水中的残留，肟菌酯和吡唑醚菌酯对成年斑马鱼的潜在不良影响相对较低，但对斑马鱼胚胎/幼鱼（孵化损害）不容忽视。我们的解毒酶研究结果也初步表明，成年斑马鱼的解毒能力大于幼鱼，且雄性的解毒能力大于雌性。
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