The fast-same effect of an exclusive-OR task.

Participants are faster to decide that two stimuli are identical than to decide that they are different. Opposing theories suggested that this fast-same effect is either due (a) to a response bias toward similarity or (b) to facilitation caused by the repetition of the stimuli attributes. Although both theories predict the fast-same effect in a conventional same-different task, they make distinct predictions for tasks in which response bias is removed. In such tasks, the bias theory predicts that the fast-same would disappear whereas the facilitation theory predicts that the fast-same would remain. We tested those hypotheses using a same-different task in which participants had to indicate if all the attributes of the stimuli were matching or all were mismatching by pressing one response key, or if some attributes were matching and some were mismatching, by pressing another response key. We call this an exclusive-OR same-different task. Results show that participants were much faster in the "all-matching" condition compared with the "all-mismatching" condition, therefore supporting the facilitation theory. A fit of the linear ballistic accumulator model to the observed data provide additional supports that the fast-same effect is not caused by bias, but by a faster accumulation rate of evidence in the "all-matching" condition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).