Jardim Juliana M, Hart Peter W, Lucia Lucian, Jameel Hasan
Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Dr. Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
WestRock, 501 South 5th Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
Polymers (Basel). 2020 Aug 11;12(8):1795. doi: 10.3390/polym12081795.
Lignin is an abundant, renewable, and relatively cheap biobased feedstock that has potential in energy, chemicals, and materials. Kraft lignin, more specifically, has been used for more than 100 years as a self-sustaining energy feedstock for industry after which it has finally reached more widespread commercial appeal. Unfortunately, hardwood kraft lignin (HWKL) has been neglected over these years when compared to softwood kraft lignin (SWKL). Therefore, the present work summarizes and critically reviews the research and development (R&D) dealing specifically with HWKL. It will also cover methods for HWKL extraction from black liquor, as well as its structure, properties, fractionation, and modification. Finally, it will reveal several interesting opportunities for HWKL that include dispersants, adsorbents, antioxidants, aromatic compounds (chemicals), and additives in briquettes, pellets, hydrogels, carbon fibers and polymer blends and composites. HWKL shows great potential for all these applications, however more R&D is needed to make its utilization economically feasible and reach the levels in the commercial lignin market commensurate with SWKL. The motivation for this critical review is to galvanize further studies, especially increased understandings in the field of HWKL, and hence amplify much greater utilization.
木质素是一种储量丰富、可再生且相对廉价的生物基原料，在能源、化学品和材料领域具有潜力。更具体地说，硫酸盐木质素作为一种能自我维持的工业能源原料已被使用了100多年，最终它获得了更广泛的商业吸引力。不幸的是，与针叶木硫酸盐木质素（SWKL）相比，阔叶木硫酸盐木质素（HWKL）在这些年里一直被忽视。因此，本工作总结并批判性地回顾了专门针对HWKL的研究与开发（R&D）。它还将涵盖从黑液中提取HWKL的方法，以及其结构、性质、分级和改性。最后，它将揭示HWKL的几个有趣应用机会，包括作为分散剂、吸附剂、抗氧化剂、芳香族化合物（化学品）以及型煤、颗粒、水凝胶、碳纤维和聚合物共混物及复合材料中的添加剂。HWKL在所有这些应用中都显示出巨大潜力，然而，需要更多的研发工作，以使HWKL的利用在经济上可行，并达到与SWKL相当的商业木质素市场水平。进行这一批判性综述的目的是激励进一步的研究，特别是加深对HWKL领域的理解，从而扩大其应用范围。
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