Alginate-poloxamer/silk fibroin hydrogels with covalently and physically cross-linked networks for cartilage tissue engineering.

Poloxamer was grafted onto alginate and the optimally synthesized alginate-poloxamer (ALG-POL) copolymer was combined with silk fibroin (SF) to produce thermosensitive ALG-POL/SF hydrogels with covalently and physically crosslinked networks. The formulated ALG-POL/SF gels were found to be injectable with sol-gel transitions near physiological temperature and pH. Rheological measurements showed that some ALG-POL/SF gels had their elastic modulus of around 5 kPa or higher with large ratio of elastic modulus to viscous modulus, indicative of their mechanically strong feature. The achieved ALG-POL/SF gels exhibited concurrent enhancement in strength and elasticity when compared to the gels built with either ALG-POL or SF alone. The microscopic insight into dry ALG-POL/SF gels validated that they were highly porous with well-interconnected pore characteristics. These ALG-POL/SF gels showed abilities to support the in-growth of seeded chondrocytes while effectively maintaining their chondrogenic phenotype. Results suggest promising attributes of ALG-POL/SF gels as alternative biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering.