Robotic spine surgery: a review of the present status.

With technological advancements being introduced and dominating many fields, spine surgery is no exception. In view of the patient safety and surgeon's comfort, robotics has been introduced in spine surgery. Due to small corridors for work, little room for inaccuracy, lengthy and tedious procedures, spine surgery is an ideal scenario for robotics to establish as the standard of care. Spine robotics received their first FDA clearance in 2004. New generation of spine robotics with integrated navigation systems has become available now. The primary role of spine robotics, at present, is to aid pedicle screw fixation. High quality studies have been performed to establish its role in increasing the accuracy of pedicle fixation. Studies have also reported decreased radiation and decreased operative time with spine robotics. However, few studies have reported otherwise. It is still in its nascent stage in both industrial view and surgeon familiarity. Continued research to overcome the challenges such as high cost and steep learning curve is crucial for its widespread use. Also, expanding the scope of spine robotics beyond pedicle screw fixation such as osteotomies and dural procedures would be an area for potential research. This review is intended to provide an overview of various studies in the field of robotic spine surgery and its present status.