Environmental applications of a biodegradable cysteine-based surfactant.

An improved method has been developed for the efficient synthesis of octanoyl-cysteine in single-chain form (N-octanoyl-cys) which operates as a surfactant over a wide pH range, is easily decomposed into natural products and has a high product yield. The compound offers an environmentally acceptable agent for the adsorption of a range of heavy metals from contaminated waters/soils, and it could also be used in general household detergents or personnel-cleaner formulations, and even in toothpastes. The surfactant was used as a co-surfactant for flotation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a per/poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). The new surfactant produced significant foaming and removed 70% of the PFOA after 30min of foam fractionation. The compound is also potentially useful in facilitating the release of PFAS compounds; these are negatively charged and often bound to charged particles in sand, clay, and humic-acid-coated materials and microorganisms via bridging multivalent ions, such as Ca, Mg, Al and Fe, as well as a range of other heavy-metal ions present in soil to varying degrees. In soils (and also in contaminated water), the common chelating agent EDTA is often used to encapsulate these ions (e.g. Ca, the dominant ion in soil) at moderately high pH to aid in the release of the bound PFAS compounds. However, it would be more environmentally acceptable to use this new biodegradable surfactant, which could combine chelation with foam-fractionation separation of surface-active (e.g. PFAS) components in soils.