Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng Kaifeng 475004, China.
Int J Biol Sci. 2021 Apr 2;17(5):1361-1381. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.58773. eCollection 2021.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death, which accounts for approximately 10% of all new cancer cases worldwide. Surgery is the main method for treatment of early-stage CRC. However, it is not effective for most metastatic tumors, and new treatment and diagnosis strategies need to be developed. Photosensitizers (PSs) play an important role in the treatment of CRC. Phototherapy also has a broad prospect in the treatment of CRC because of its low invasiveness and low toxicity. However, most PSs are associated with limitations including poor solubility, poor selectivity and high toxicity. The application of nanomaterials in PSs has added many advantages, including increased solubility, bioavailability, targeting, stability and low toxicity. In this review, based on phototherapy, we discuss the characteristics and development progress of PSs, the targeting of PSs at organ, cell and molecular levels, and the current methods of optimizing PSs, especially the application of nanoparticles as carriers in CRC. We introduce the photosensitizer (PS) targeting process in photodynamic therapy (PDT), the damage mechanism of PDT, and the application of classic PS in CRC. The action process and damage mechanism of photothermal therapy (PTT) and the types of ablation agents. In addition, we present the imaging examination and the application of PDT / PTT in tumor, including (fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging) to provide the basis for the early diagnosis of CRC. Notably, single phototherapy has several limitations , especially for deep tumors. Here, we discuss the advantages of the combination therapy of PDT and PTT compared with the single therapy. At the same time, this review summarizes the clinical application of PS in CRC. Although a variety of nanomaterials are in the research and development stage, few of them are actually on the market, they will show great advantages in the treatment of CRC in the near future.
结直肠癌（CRC）是第三大常见恶性肿瘤，也是癌症死亡的第二大主要原因，约占全球所有新发癌症病例的 10%。手术是治疗早期 CRC 的主要方法。然而，对于大多数转移性肿瘤，手术效果并不理想，需要开发新的治疗和诊断策略。光敏剂（PS）在 CRC 的治疗中起着重要作用。光疗在 CRC 的治疗中也具有广阔的前景，因为它具有低侵入性和低毒性。然而，大多数 PS 都存在一些局限性，包括溶解度差、选择性差和毒性高。纳米材料在 PS 中的应用增加了许多优势，包括增加溶解度、生物利用度、靶向性、稳定性和低毒性。在这篇综述中，我们基于光疗，讨论了 PS 的特性和发展进展、PS 在器官、细胞和分子水平上的靶向性，以及优化 PS 的当前方法，特别是纳米颗粒作为载体在 CRC 中的应用。我们介绍了光动力治疗（PDT）中 PS 的靶向过程、PDT 的损伤机制以及经典 PS 在 CRC 中的应用。光热治疗（PTT）的作用过程和损伤机制以及消融剂的类型。此外，我们介绍了 PDT/PTT 在肿瘤中的成像检查和应用，包括（荧光成像、光声成像、磁共振成像、核医学成像），为 CRC 的早期诊断提供了依据。值得注意的是，单一光疗有几个局限性，特别是对于深部肿瘤。在这里，我们讨论了 PDT 和 PTT 联合治疗与单一治疗相比的优势。同时，本文综述了 PS 在 CRC 中的临床应用。尽管各种纳米材料都处于研究和开发阶段，但实际上很少有纳米材料真正上市，它们将在不久的将来在 CRC 的治疗中显示出巨大的优势。
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