Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 21;22(9):4334. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094334.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a self-renewable pool of cells derived from an organism's somatic cells. These can then be programmed to other cell types, including neurons. Use of iPSCs in research has been two-fold as they have been used for human disease modelling as well as for the possibility to generate new therapies. Particularly in complex human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, iPSCs can give advantages over traditional animal models in that they more accurately represent the human genome. Additionally, patient-derived cells can be modified using gene editing technology and further transplanted to the brain. Glial cells have recently become important avenues of research in the field of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review focuses on using glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) derived from human iPSCs in order to give a better understanding of how these cells contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology. Using glia iPSCs in in vitro cell culture, cerebral organoids, and intracranial transplantation may give us future insight into both more accurate models and disease-modifying therapies.
诱导多能干细胞（iPSCs）是一种源自生物体体细胞的可再生细胞池。这些细胞可以被编程为其他细胞类型，包括神经元。iPSCs 在研究中的应用有两个方面，它们既可以用于人类疾病建模，也可以用于产生新的治疗方法。特别是在复杂的人类疾病中，如神经退行性疾病，iPSCs 可以比传统的动物模型具有优势，因为它们更准确地代表了人类基因组。此外，还可以使用基因编辑技术对患者来源的细胞进行修饰，然后进一步移植到大脑中。胶质细胞最近已成为神经退行性疾病研究领域的重要途径，例如在阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病中。本综述重点介绍了使用源自人类 iPSCs 的胶质细胞（星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞），以更好地了解这些细胞如何导致神经退行性疾病的病理。在体外细胞培养、脑类器官和颅内移植中使用胶质 iPSCs，可能会为我们提供更准确的模型和疾病修饰治疗的未来见解。
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