Identification of potential core genes and pathways predicting pathogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common subtype of head and neck cancer; however, its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets remain largely unknown. In the present study, we analyzed three gene expression profiles and screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HNSCC and normal tissues. The DEGs were subjected to gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), protein-protein interaction (PPI), and survival analyses, while the connectivity map (CMap) database was used to predict candidate small molecules that may reverse the biological state of HNSCC. Finally, we measured the expression of the most relevant core gene in vitro and examined the effect of the top predicted potential drug against the proliferation of HNSCC cell lines. Among the 208 DEGs and ten hub genes identified, CDK1 and CDC45 were associated with unfavorable HNSCC prognosis, and three potential small molecule drugs for treating HNSCC were identified. Increased CDK1 expression was confirmed in HNSCC cells, and menadione, the top predicted potential drug, exerted significant inhibitory effects against HNSCC cell proliferation and markedly reversed CDK1 expression. Together, the findings of the present study suggest that the ten hub genes and pathways identified may be closely related to HNSCC pathogenesis. In particular, CDK1 and CDC45 overexpression could be reliable biomarkers for predicting unfavorable prognosis in patients with HNSCC, while the new candidate small molecules identified by CMap analysis provide new avenues for the development of potential drugs to treat HNSCC.