Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(38):3996-4007. doi: 10.2174/1381612827666210705160130.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic virus, is responsible for a respiratory disease termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes various structural and non-structural proteins, which are necessary for viral entry and replication. Among these proteins, papain-like protease (PLpro), 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), helicase, serine protease, and spike protein are potential targets of herbal remedies and phytocompounds for inhibition of viral infection and replication. There is, at present, no confirmed cure for the COVID-19. Various plants and their components have been introduced against SARS-CoV-2. A number of review articles have also been published on them. This article is focused on the mechanistic aspects of these plants and their derivatives on SARS-CoV-2.
The material in this review article was prepared from significant scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar.
Different medicinal plants and their phytocompounds interact with important structural and nonstructural of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Natural compounds form strong bonds with the active site of SARS-CoV-2 protease and make large conformational changes. These phytochemicals are potential inhibitors of structural and non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins such as Spike protein, PLpro, and 3CLpro. Some important anti- SARS-CoV-2 actions of medicinal plants and their metabolites are: inhibition of the virus replication or entry, blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor and "Transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), regulation of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of endothelial activation, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Some of these important natural immune boosters that are helpful for the prevention and cure of various symptoms related to COVID-19 include Allium sativum, Nigella sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra Zingiber officinalis, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, and Scutellaria baicalensis. Also, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Baicalin, Scutellarin, Glycyrrhizin, Curcumin, Apigenin, Ursolic acid, and Chloroquine are the best candidates for treating the symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Medicinal plants and/or their bioactive compounds with inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 support the human immune system and help in fighting against COVID-19 and rejuvenating the immune system.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）是一种高致病性病毒，可引起称为 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的呼吸道疾病。SARS-CoV-2 基因组编码各种结构和非结构蛋白，这些蛋白对于病毒的进入和复制是必需的。在这些蛋白中，木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白酶（PLpro）、3C 样蛋白酶（3CLpro）、RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶（RdRp）、解旋酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶和刺突蛋白是草药和植物化合物抑制病毒感染和复制的潜在靶标。目前，尚无针对 COVID-19 的确认疗法。已经引入了各种植物及其成分来对抗 SARS-CoV-2。也已经发表了许多关于它们的评论文章。本文重点介绍了这些植物及其衍生物对 SARS-CoV-2 的作用机制。
本文综述的材料来自于包括 Web of Science、PubMed、Science Direct、Scopus 和 Google Scholar 在内的重要科学数据库。
不同的药用植物及其植物化合物与 SARS-CoV-2 的重要结构和非结构蛋白相互作用。天然化合物与 SARS-CoV-2 蛋白酶的活性位点形成强键，并使构象发生剧烈变化。这些植物化学物质是结构和非结构 SARS-CoV-2 蛋白（如刺突蛋白、PLpro 和 3CLpro）的潜在抑制剂。一些药用植物及其代谢物的重要抗 SARS-CoV-2 作用包括：抑制病毒复制或进入、阻断血管紧张素转换酶 2（ACE-2）受体和“跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶 2（TMPRSS2）”、调节炎症介质、抑制内皮细胞激活、 Toll 样受体（TLRs）和核因子红细胞衍生 2 相关因子 2（Nrf2）的激活。其中一些有助于预防和治疗与 COVID-19 相关的各种症状的重要天然免疫增强剂包括大蒜、黑种草、甘草、罗勒、印度人参、穿心莲和黄芩。此外，槲皮素、槲皮素、黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸、姜黄素、芹菜素、熊果酸和氯喹是治疗 SARS-CoV-2 感染相关症状的最佳候选药物。
具有抑制 SARS-CoV-2 作用的药用植物和/或其生物活性化合物可支持人体免疫系统，有助于对抗 COVID-19 和增强免疫系统活力。
