Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia.
Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.
Neotrop Entomol. 2021 Dec;50(6):899-911. doi: 10.1007/s13744-021-00905-y. Epub 2021 Aug 16.
Livestock production extension in Amazon has caused deforestation and soil degradation, with negative consequences on diversity and environmental services. Recently, rubber crops have been established in deteriorated soils of the Colombian Amazon as an option to restore hectares of unproductive degraded pastures. Bioindicator insects, such as termites, have been used to assess soil quality and fertility restoration. This study evaluated differences in termite abundance, species richness, and community composition in three different rubber crop systems as an indirect way of evaluating soil diversity restoring. Three rubber crop systems were sampled: clonal fields (rubber monocultures with different rubber clones), traditional commercial rubber plantations (rubber monocultures with just one rubber clone), and mixed plantations (rubber fields intercropped with copoazú fruit trees). Additionally, pastures in use for livestock production and natural forest relicts were compared to rubber crop systems, to serve as reference habitats. Termites were sampled using a 105-m transect method. Alpha diversity and beta diversity were estimated and compared between rubber crops and reference habitats. A total of 80 termite species belonging to two families were collected. Mixed plantations and pastures presented the lowest diversity rates. Species richness in rubber crop systems was 39% higher than that in pastures and included 72% of the termite species found in natural forests. Indicator species analysis associated soil-feeding termites with less diverse habitats and wood-feeding termites with high diverse habitats. Our results demonstrate that termite recovery will depend on the farming system selected and the agricultural practices implemented in the field, with some rubber crop systems, like commercial rubber plantations and clonal fields, recovering termite diversity better than others, such as mixed plantations.
亚马逊地区的畜牧业扩展导致了森林砍伐和土壤退化，对生物多样性和环境服务产生了负面影响。最近，橡胶作物已在哥伦比亚亚马逊地区退化的土壤中建立，作为恢复数千公顷非生产性退化牧场的一种选择。生物指示昆虫，如白蚁，已被用于评估土壤质量和肥力恢复。本研究评估了三种不同橡胶作物系统中白蚁丰度、物种丰富度和群落组成的差异，作为评估土壤多样性恢复的间接方法。三种橡胶作物系统进行了采样：克隆田（不同橡胶克隆的橡胶单作）、传统商业橡胶种植园（仅一种橡胶克隆的橡胶单作）和混合种植园（橡胶田与 copoazú 果树间作）。此外，还比较了用于畜牧业生产的牧场和自然森林遗迹与橡胶作物系统，作为参考生境。使用 105 米的横断法对白蚁进行采样。估计并比较了橡胶作物和参考生境之间的 alpha 多样性和 beta 多样性。共采集到属于两个科的 80 种白蚁。混合种植园和牧场的多样性最低。橡胶作物系统的物种丰富度比牧场高 39%，包括在自然森林中发现的 72%的白蚁物种。指示种分析将食土白蚁与多样性较低的生境相关联，而食木白蚁与多样性较高的生境相关联。我们的研究结果表明，白蚁的恢复将取决于所选的农业系统和田间实施的农业实践，一些橡胶作物系统，如商业橡胶种植园和克隆田，比其他系统，如混合种植园，更好地恢复白蚁多样性。
