Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
Cells. 2021 Aug 1;10(8):1959. doi: 10.3390/cells10081959.
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cell types to aid in a vast array of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to contribute to several distinct processes is due to the complexity of exosomes, as they carry a multitude of signaling moieties, including proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, transcription factors, and nucleic acids. The favorable biological properties of exosomes including biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and proficient exchange of molecular cargos make exosomes prime candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exploring the functions and molecular payloads of exosomes can facilitate tissue regeneration therapies and provide mechanistic insight into paracrine modulation of cellular activities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods. We also discuss emerging healing properties of exosomes and exosomal cargos, such as microRNAs, in brain injuries, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 amongst others. Overall, this review highlights the burgeoning roles and potential applications of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
外泌体是一种细胞外囊泡，在多泡体中产生，然后通过多泡体与质膜融合而释放到细胞外空间。这些囊泡几乎由所有细胞类型分泌，以帮助实现广泛的细胞功能，包括细胞间通讯、细胞分化和增殖、血管生成、应激反应和免疫信号。外泌体之所以能够参与多种不同的过程，是因为它们具有复杂性，因为它们携带多种信号分子，包括蛋白质、脂质、细胞表面受体、酶、细胞因子、转录因子和核酸。外泌体具有良好的生物学特性，包括生物相容性、稳定性、低毒性和有效的分子货物交换，这使得外泌体成为组织工程和再生医学的首选候选者。探索外泌体的功能和分子载物可以促进组织再生疗法，并为旁分泌调节细胞活动提供机制见解。在这篇综述中，我们总结了外泌体生物发生、组成和分离方法的最新知识。我们还讨论了外泌体及其囊泡货物（如 microRNAs）在脑损伤、心血管疾病和 COVID-19 等疾病中的新兴治疗特性。总的来说，这篇综述强调了外泌体在再生医学中的新兴作用和潜在应用。
