Development of navigation network revealed by resting-state and task-state functional connectivity.

Humans possess the essential capacity to navigate in environment, supported by multiple brain regions constituting the navigation network. Recent studies on development of the navigation network mainly examined activation changes in the medial temporal regions. It is unclear how the large-scale organization of the whole navigation network develops and whether the network organizations under resting-state and task-state develop differently. We addressed these questions by examining functional connectivity (FC) of the navigation network in 122 children (10-13 years) and 260 adults. First, we identified a modular structure in the navigation network during resting-state that included a ventral and a dorsal module. Then, we found that the intrinsic modular structure was strengthened from children to adults, that is, adults showed stronger FC within the ventral module and weaker FC between ventral and dorsal modules than children. Further, the intrinsic modular structure was loosened when performing scene-viewing task, that is, both adults and children showed decreased within-ventral FC and increased between-module FC during task- than resting-state. Finally, the task-modulated FC changes were greater in adults than in children. In sum, our study reveals age-related changes in the navigation network organization as increasing modularity under resting-state and increasing flexibility under task-state.