Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego St. 1, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego St. 1, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2021 Aug;237:113831. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113831. Epub 2021 Aug 26.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release drug-resistant microorganisms to water bodies (with effluents), and WWTP employees are exposed to bioaerosol emissions from the processed wastewater. Bacteria of the genus Klebsiella, in particular carbapenemase-producing (CP), hyper-virulent (Hvr) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, play a special role in this process. Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from wastewater, river water and the upper respiratory tract of WWTP employees were analyzed in this study. The isolated strains were identified as K. pneumoniae (K. pn) or K. non-pneumoniae (K. npn). The prevalence of nine types of genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams, nine genes encoding virulence factors and K1/K2 capsular serotypes, three genes encoding multi drug effluent pump systems, and the class 1 integron-integrase gene was determined by PCR. A total of 284 Klebsiella spp. isolates were obtained in the study: 270 environmental strains and 14 strains from the upper respiratory tract. Among environmental isolates 90.7% (245/270) harbored beta-lactam resistance genes, 17.4% (47/270) were classified as CP strains, 11.1% (30/270) were classified as Hvr strains, and 1.9% (5/270) were classified as CP-Hvr strains. CP-Hvr strains were also isolated from WWTP employees. Genes encoding β-lactamases (including carbapenemases), complete efflux pump systems and the K1 serotype were identified more frequently in K. pn strains. In turn, K. npn strains were characterized by a higher prevalence of bla and intI1 genes and K2 serotype gene. The strains isolated from wastewater and river water also differed in the abundance of drug resistance and virulence genes. The results of the study indicate that CP-Hvr K. pn strains are possibly transmitted from wastewater via bioareosol to the upper respiratory tract of WWTP employees. bla-type carbapenemases significantly contributed to the spread of drug resistance in the environment.
污水处理厂（WWTP）将耐药微生物排放到水体（通过废水）中，WWTP 员工则会接触到经处理的废水中的生物气溶胶排放物。在这个过程中，克雷伯氏菌属的细菌，尤其是产碳青霉烯酶（CP）、高毒力（Hvr）型肺炎克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae），起着特殊的作用。本研究分析了从废水、河水以及 WWTP 员工上呼吸道中分离的克雷伯氏菌属菌株。分离的菌株被鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌（K. pneumoniae）或非肺炎克雷伯氏菌（K. non-pneumoniae）。通过 PCR 确定了编码对β-内酰胺类药物耐药的 9 种基因、编码毒力因子和 K1/K2 荚膜血清型的 9 种基因、编码多药外排泵系统的 3 种基因以及 1 类整合子整合酶基因的存在情况。本研究共获得 284 株克雷伯氏菌属分离株：270 株环境分离株和 14 株上呼吸道分离株。在环境分离株中，90.7%（245/270）携带β-内酰胺类药物耐药基因，17.4%（47/270）为 CP 株，11.1%（30/270）为 Hvr 株，1.9%（5/270）为 CP-Hvr 株。CP-Hvr 株也从 WWTP 员工中分离到。在 K. pn 株中，编码β-内酰胺酶（包括碳青霉烯酶）、完整外排泵系统和 K1 血清型的基因更为常见。相反，K. npn 株的 bla 和 intI1 基因以及 K2 血清型基因的流行率更高。从废水和河水分离的菌株在耐药性和毒力基因的丰度上也存在差异。研究结果表明，CP-Hvr K. pn 株可能通过生物气溶胶从废水传播到 WWTP 员工的上呼吸道。bla 型碳青霉烯酶对环境中耐药性的传播有显著贡献。
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