and efficiently reprogram human cortical astrocytes to neural precursor cells and induced-neurons.

Direct reprogramming of glial cells into induced-neurons is a promising strategy for CNS repair after acute injury or neurodegenerative diseases. Grey matter astrocytes, which exhibit features of neural stem cells when activated, are an ideal cell source for direct neuronal conversion. The aim of the study is the investigation of the neuronal reprogramming capacity of and/or () upon their overexpression on primary human adult cortical astrocytes. Our data indicate that adult human cortical astrocytes can be directly reprogrammed by either or to cells with differentiated neuronal morphology, exhibiting long neurites and branched processes. Exploration of gene expression dynamics along the conversion process revealed that neuronal genes are significantly up-regulated while astrocytic genes are down-regulated. Differentiated induced-neurons (iNs) exhibit either GABAergic or glutamatergic/dopaminergic identity upon and overexpression respectively. Co-expression of and in double-transduced cultures induced elevated expression levels of neural progenitor/stem genes and appearance of highly proliferative spheres with neural progenitor cell (NPC) properties in culture.