Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Obes Rev. 2022 Jan;23(1):e13366. doi: 10.1111/obr.13366. Epub 2021 Oct 10.
The Nutrition Transition model is presented with the nature and pace of change in key stages varying by location and subpopulations. At present, all high-income and many low- and middle-income countries are in a stage of the transition where nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension are dominating adult morbidity and mortality and are very high or growing rapidly in prevalence. Some countries still have key subpopulations facing hunger and undernutrition defined by stunting or extreme thinness among adults. We call these double burden of malnutrition countries. All low- and middle-income countries face rapid growth in consumption of ultra-processed food and beverages, but it is not inevitable that these countries will reach the same high levels of consumption seen in high-income countries, with all the negative impacts of this diet on health. With great political and civil society commitment to adoption of policies shown in other countries to have improved dietary choices and social norms around foods, we can arrest and even reverse the rapid shift to diets dominated by a stage of high ultra-processed food intake and increasing prevalence of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases.
营养转型模式呈现出不同地点和亚人群的变化性质和速度的变化。目前，所有高收入国家和许多中低收入国家都处于营养相关非传染性疾病（包括肥胖、2 型糖尿病和高血压）主导成人发病率和死亡率的转型阶段，其患病率非常高或正在迅速增长。一些国家仍然存在面临饥饿和营养不良的关键亚人群，其特征是成年人发育迟缓或极度消瘦。我们称这些国家为“双重负担的营养不良国家”。所有中低收入国家都面临着超加工食品和饮料消费的快速增长，但这些国家并不一定会达到高收入国家那样的高消费水平，这种饮食对健康的所有负面影响。如果有政治和民间社会的大力承诺，采用其他国家已证明可以改善饮食选择和食品周围社会规范的政策，我们就可以阻止甚至扭转快速向以高超加工食品摄入和营养相关非传染性疾病患病率不断增加为特征的饮食模式的转变。
