The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the major limitations of glioblastoma therapy in the clinic. Nanodrugs have shown great potential for glioblastoma therapy. Herein, we purposefully developed a multicomponent self-assembly nanocomplex with very high drug loading content for curing orthotopic glioblastoma with synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. The nanocomplex consisted of self-assembled pH-responsive nanodrugs derived from amino acid-conjugated camptothecin (CPT) and canine dyes (IR783) coated with peptide Angiopep-2-conjugated copolymer of Ang-PEG-g-PLL. Specifically, the carrier-free nanocomplex exhibited a high drug loading content (up to 62%), good biocompatibility, and effective glioma accumulation ability. Moreover, the nanocomplex displayed good stability and pH-responsive behavior ex vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo results revealed that the nanocomplex could effectively cross the BBB and target glioma cells. Furthermore, the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy of the nanocomplex achieved a better therapeutic effect, longer survival time, and minimized toxic side effects in orthotopic glioblastoma tumor-bearing nude mice. Overall, we modified the chemotherapeutic drug CPT so that it could self-assemble with other molecules into nanoparticles, which providing an alternative for the preparation of the carrier-free nanodrugs. The results highlighted the potential of self-assembly nanodrugs as a novel platform for effective glioblastoma therapy.