The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
Biosensors (Basel). 2021 Dec 16;11(12):518. doi: 10.3390/bios11120518.
Exosomes, powerful extracellular nanovesicles released from almost all types of living cells, are considered the communication engines (messengers) that control and reprogram physiological pathways inside target cells within a community or between different communities. The cell-like structure of these extracellular vesicles provides a protective environment for their proteins and DNA/RNA cargos, which serve as biomarkers for many malicious diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. Cancer-derived exosomes control cancer metastasis, prognosis, and development. In addition to the unique structure of exosomes, their nanometer size and tendency of interacting with cells makes them a viable novel drug delivery solution. In recent years, numerous research efforts have been made to quantify and characterize disease-derived exosomes for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to (1) relate exosome biomarkers to their origins, (2) focus on current isolation and detection methods, (3) discuss and evaluate the proposed technologies deriving from exosome research for cancer treatment, and (4) form a conclusion about the prospects of the current exosome research.
外泌体是几乎所有类型的活细胞分泌的一种强大的细胞外纳米囊泡，被认为是控制和重编程目标细胞内生理途径的通信引擎（信使），这些途径在一个群落内或不同群落之间进行。这些细胞外囊泡的类细胞结构为其蛋白质和 DNA/RNA 货物提供了一个保护环境，这些货物可作为许多恶性疾病（包括传染病和癌症）的生物标志物。癌症来源的外泌体控制着癌症的转移、预后和发展。除了外泌体独特的结构外，它们的纳米尺寸和与细胞相互作用的倾向使它们成为一种可行的新型药物输送解决方案。近年来，人们进行了大量研究，以定量和表征疾病来源的外泌体，用于诊断、监测和治疗目的。本综述旨在：（1）将外泌体生物标志物与其起源联系起来；（2）关注当前的分离和检测方法；（3）讨论和评估源于外泌体研究的用于癌症治疗的技术；（4）对外泌体研究的前景形成结论。
