The contrast between clear and plain speaking style for Mandarin tones.

We examine the acoustic characteristics of clear and plain conversational productions of Mandarin tones. Twenty-one native Mandarin speakers were asked to produce a selection of Mandarin words in both plain and clear speaking styles. Several tokens were gathered for each of the four tones giving a total of 2045 productions. Six critical tonal cues were computed for each production: fundamental frequency (F0) mean, slope, and second derivative, duration, mean intensity, and a binary variable coding whether the production involved creaky voice. A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to explore how these cues changed with respect to the clear versus plain distinction for each tone, with speaking style as the fixed effect and speaker being a random effect. The strongest effects detected were that duration and mean intensity increased in clear speech across speakers and tones. Tones 2 and 3 increased in mean F0 and Tone 4 increased its slope. An additional finding was that, for contour tones, speakers accomplished the increase in duration by stretching out the tone contours in time while largely not changing the F0 range. These results are discussed in terms of signal-based (affecting all tones) and code-based (enhancing contrast between tones) change.