Al-Hakeim Hussein Kadhem, Hadi Hadi Hasan, Jawad Ghoufran Akeel, Maes Michael
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq.
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
J Pers Med. 2022 Jan 1;12(1):23. doi: 10.3390/jpm12010023.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently accompanied by affective disorders with a prevalence of comorbid depression of around 25%. Nevertheless, the biomarkers of affective symptoms including depression and anxiety due to T2DM are not well established. The present study delineated the effects of serum levels of copper, zinc, β-arrestin-1, FBXW7, lactosylceramide (LacCer), serotonin, calcium, magnesium on severity of depression and anxiety in 58 men with T2DM and 30 healthy male controls beyond the effects of insulin resistance (IR) and atherogenicity. Severity of affective symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety rating scales. We found that 61.7% of the variance in affective symptoms was explained by the multivariate regression on copper, β-arrestin-1, calcium, and IR coupled with atherogenicity. Copper and LacCer (positive) and calcium and BXW7 (inverse) had significant specific indirect effects on affective symptoms, which were mediated by IR and atherogenicity. Copper, β-arrestin-1, and calcium were associated with affective symptoms above and beyond the effects of IR and atherogenicity. T2DM and affective symptoms share common pathways, namely increased atherogenicity, IR, copper, and β-arrestin-1, and lowered calcium, whereas copper, β-arrestin-1, calcium, LacCer, and FBXW7 may modulate depression and anxiety symptoms by affecting T2DM.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）常伴有情感障碍，共病抑郁症的患病率约为25%。然而，T2DM所致情感症状（包括抑郁和焦虑）的生物标志物尚未完全明确。本研究描述了血清铜、锌、β-抑制蛋白-1、FBXW7、乳糖神经酰胺（LacCer）、血清素、钙、镁水平对58例T2DM男性患者和30例健康男性对照者抑郁和焦虑严重程度的影响，这些影响超出了胰岛素抵抗（IR）和动脉粥样硬化性的作用。使用汉密尔顿抑郁和焦虑评定量表评估情感症状的严重程度。我们发现，情感症状61.7%的变异可由铜、β-抑制蛋白-1、钙以及IR和动脉粥样硬化性的多因素回归来解释。铜和LacCer（正向）以及钙和BXW7（反向）对情感症状有显著的特定间接影响，这些影响由IR和动脉粥样硬化性介导。除了IR和动脉粥样硬化性的影响外，铜、β-抑制蛋白-1和钙与情感症状相关。T2DM和情感症状有共同的途径，即动脉粥样硬化性增加、IR、铜和β-抑制蛋白-1升高，以及钙降低，而铜、β-抑制蛋白-1、钙、LacCer和FBXW7可能通过影响T2DM来调节抑郁和焦虑症状。
