Riggio R E, Friedman H S
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Feb;50(2):421-7. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.421.
This research examined the effects of personality/social skills and individual differences in expressive style on impression formation. Particular attention was given to the role of nonverbal behaviors in the formation of initial impressions. Sixty-two subjects were measured on self-report personality and communication skill scales, on posed emotional sending ability, and on physical attractiveness. Subjects were then videotaped while giving a spontaneous "explanation." Trained coders measured five separate nonverbal cue factors displayed by the subjects in the videotapes. Groups of untrained judges viewed the tapes and rated their impressions of the subjects on scales of likability, speaking effectiveness, and expressivity-confidence. Male subjects who were nonverbally skilled and extraverted tended to display more outwardly focused and fluid expressive behaviors, and made more favorable impressions on judges, than did males who scored low on the measures of nonverbal skills and extraversion. Females who were nonverbally skilled displayed more facial expressiveness, which led to more favorable initial impressions. Sex differences may reflect basic differences in the acquisition and use of expressive nonverbal cues by males and females.
本研究考察了个性/社交技能以及表达风格上的个体差异对印象形成的影响。特别关注了非言语行为在初始印象形成中的作用。对62名受试者进行了自我报告的个性和沟通技能量表、摆姿势表达情绪能力以及身体吸引力的测量。然后，受试者在进行自发的“解释”时被录像。经过训练的编码员测量了录像中受试者表现出的五个不同的非言语线索因素。几组未经训练的评判观看录像，并在好感度、说话有效性和表达自信程度量表上对他们对受试者的印象进行评分。在非言语技能和外向性测量中得分较低的男性相比，非言语技能熟练且外向的男性往往表现出更多外向聚焦且流畅的表达行为，给评判留下更良好印象。非言语技能熟练的女性表现出更多面部表情，这导致了更良好的初始印象。性别差异可能反映了男性和女性在获取和使用表达性非言语线索方面的基本差异。
