Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey; Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
Talanta. 2022 Sep 1;247:123544. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123544. Epub 2022 May 16.
We report automated fabrication of solid-contact sodium-selective (Na-ISEs) and potassium-selective electrodes (K-ISEs) using a 3D printed liquid handling robot controlled with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The printing system is affordable and can be customized for the use with micropipettes for applications such as drop-casting, biological assays, sample preparation, rinsing, cell culture, and online analyte monitoring using multi-well plates. The robot is more compact (25 × 30 × 35 cm) and user-friendly than commercially available systems and does not require mechatronic experience. For fabrication of ion-selective electrodes, a carbon black intermediate layer and ion-selective membrane were successively drop-cast on the surface of stencil-printed carbon electrode using the dispensing robot. The 3D-printed robot increased ISE robustness while decreasing the modification time by eliminating manual steps. The Na-ISEs and K-ISEs were characterized for their potentiometric responses using a custom-made, low-cost (<$25) multi-channel smartphone-based potentiometer capable of signal processing and wireless data transmission. The electrodes showed Nernstian responses of 58.2 ± 2.6 mV decade and 56.1 ± 0.7 mV decade for Na and K, respectively with an LOD of 1.0 × 10 M. We successfully applied the ISEs for multiplexed detection of Na and K in urine and artificial sweat samples at clinically relevant concentration ranges. The 3D-printed pipetting robot cost $100 and will pave the way for more accessible mass production of ISEs for those who cannot afford the expensive commercial robots.
我们报告了使用 3D 打印液体处理机器人和物联网 (IoT) 技术控制的自动化制造固体接触钠离子选择性 (Na-ISE) 和钾离子选择性电极 (K-ISE)。该打印系统价格实惠，可与微吸管一起定制，用于滴铸、生物测定、样品制备、冲洗、细胞培养以及使用多孔板进行在线分析物监测等应用。与商业上可用的系统相比，该机器人更紧凑（25×30×35 厘米），用户友好，并且不需要机电一体化经验。对于离子选择性电极的制造，使用分配机器人将碳黑中间层和离子选择性膜连续滴铸在模板印刷碳电极的表面上。3D 打印机器人通过消除手动步骤增加了 ISE 的稳健性，同时减少了修饰时间。使用定制的、低成本（<$25）的基于智能手机的多通道电位计对 Na-ISE 和 K-ISE 的电位响应特性进行了表征，该电位计能够进行信号处理和无线数据传输。电极对 Na 和 K 的响应表现出 Nernstian 行为，分别为 58.2±2.6 mV decade 和 56.1±0.7 mV decade，LOD 为 1.0×10^-5 M。我们成功地将 ISE 应用于尿液和人工汗液样品中 Na 和 K 的多重检测，检测浓度在临床相关范围内。3D 打印移液机器人的成本为 100 美元，将为那些买不起昂贵商业机器人的人提供更实惠的 ISE 大规模生产铺平道路。
