Distinct Phenotypic Variation of sp. ST3 from Urban and Orang Asli Population-An Influential Consideration during Sample Collection in Surveys.

sp. is a globally distributed protozoan parasite with uncertain pathogenicity. Phenotypic variation in sp. suggests its adaptation; however, the phenotypic features of sp. ST3 from a distinct source of isolation is unknown. sp. isolated from individuals in urban and orang asli (indigenous population in Selangor, Malaysia) settlements were studied for phenotypic characteristics such as growth profile, morphology, ultrastructure, and resistance to harsh conditions. Subsequently, pathogenic potentials, such as in protease activity and the ability to stimulate the proliferation of cancer cells, were assessed. Higher parasite counts with granular and apoptotic forms were found in sp. from orang asli individuals. Cells with fuzzy coats and amoebic structures which seemingly implicate increased interaction with bacteria were seen predominantly in urban symptomatic persons. Also, sp. from orang asli isolates resisted harsh environments, suggesting longer co-adaptation to the hosts. Urban and orang asli symptomatic isolates possessed a predominance of only cysteine protease, whereas all the asymptomatic isolates showed significantly higher cysteine, serine, or aspartic protease activity. However, only solubilized antigen from urban symptomatic isolates showed significant stimulation of cancer cell proliferation. For the first time, our findings demonstrate significant phenotypic variation in a single subtype, ST3 of sp., isolated from urban and orang asli populations that are known to have distinct gut microbial compositions. The outcome emphasizes the importance of identifying people's locations and lifestyles during sample collection before forming conclusions on the prevailing data and implicating subtypes to pathogenicity. The environment plays a significant role in sp. infection.