Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; and Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; and Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
Reprod Fertil Dev. 2022 Oct;34(16):1043-1051. doi: 10.1071/RD22139.
Testicular blood flow (TBF) is crucial for testicular function. The pattern of TBF in Shiba goats indicates seasonal variations.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of diurnal variations on TBF, testis volume (TV), testicular echogenicity, and reproductive hormones in goats over a 24-h period.
In three trials that went for three consecutive days each, 12 bucks were scanned using Triplex ultrasonography to assess the TV, pixel intensity of testicular echotexture (PIX), and Doppler indices of TBF (resistive index: RI and pulsatility index: PI) in four-time points a day (at 6.00, 12.00, 18.00, and 00.00h). Concomitantly, the changes in circulating FSH, LH, inhibin, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), cortisol, and melatonin were assessed.
Results revealed diurnal alterations in the calculated RI of TBF and the PIX of testicular parenchyma (P <0.05). Lower RI values of the TBF were observed at 6.00h compared to other time points. There were significant diurnal alterations in the levels of FSH (P <0.05), LH (P <0.05), T (P <0.0001), E2 (P <0.0001), cortisol (P <0.0001), and melatonin (P <0.0001). FSH attained a higher concentration at 18.00h compared to 12.00h. Concentrations of LH were significantly higher at 06.00h compared to those at 18.00h. Concentrations of T were significantly higher at 6.00 compared to other time points. E2 showed higher concentrations at 6.00h and 00.00h compared to 12.00h and 18.00h. On the contrary, concentrations of cortisol were significantly higher at 12.00h and 18.00h compared to 06.00h and 00.00h. The highest concentrations of melatonin were observed at 00.00h compared to other time points, while the lowest concentrations were at 12.00h.
Diurnal rhythm induces significant changes in TBF, testicular PIX, and circulating FSH, LH, T, E2, cortisol, and melatonin over the 24-hday.
The outcomes of the study are reflected in the advisability of monitoring the TBF at a fixed time a day to avoid the circadian rhythm effect.
睾丸血流（TBF）对睾丸功能至关重要。柴山羊的 TBF 模式表明存在季节性变化。
本研究旨在探讨昼夜变化对 TBF、睾丸体积（TV）、睾丸回声、以及山羊在 24 小时内生殖激素的影响。
在三个连续三天的试验中，使用 Triplex 超声对 12 只公山羊进行扫描，以评估 TV、睾丸回声纹理的像素强度（PIX）和 TBF 的多普勒指数（阻力指数：RI 和搏动指数：PI），每天 4 次（6:00、12:00、18:00 和 00:00）。同时，评估循环 FSH、LH、抑制素、睾酮（T）、雌二醇（E2）、皮质醇和褪黑素的变化。
结果显示 TBF 的计算 RI 和睾丸实质的 PIX 存在昼夜变化（P <0.05）。TBF 的 RI 值在 6:00 时比其他时间点低。FSH（P <0.05）、LH（P <0.05）、T（P <0.0001）、E2（P <0.0001）、皮质醇（P <0.0001）和褪黑素（P <0.0001）的水平存在显著的昼夜变化。FSH 在 18:00 时的浓度高于 12:00。LH 的浓度在 06:00 时明显高于 18:00。T 的浓度在 6:00 时明显高于其他时间点。E2 在 6:00h 和 00:00h 的浓度高于 12:00h 和 18:00h。相反，皮质醇的浓度在 12:00h 和 18:00h 明显高于 06:00h 和 00:00h。褪黑素的浓度在 00:00h 时最高，而在 12:00h 时最低。
昼夜节律导致 TBF、睾丸 PIX 和循环 FSH、LH、T、E2、皮质醇和褪黑素在 24 小时内发生显著变化。
该研究结果反映了在一天中固定时间监测 TBF 的建议，以避免昼夜节律的影响。
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