Utilization of the Species for Diet and Medicinal Purposes in Ruminants: A Review.

A cost-effective, alternative protein and mineral source such as the species can be key to livestock production. spp. are used as feed in many semi-arid and arid regions globally, particularly during feed shortages. The species' feeding value, and their pharmaceutical attributes, have been recognized worldwide, albeit with variation in nutritive value from one host to another. The antinutritional factors found in spp. may benefit livestock when consumed in moderation due to their immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and antimicrobial properties. The species are known to be the common hosts for spp. Further, even though spp. inhibit host tree development by reducing carbon absorption and the host tree's carbohydrates, the efforts to regulate their infestation should not result in the plant's total eradication due to the benefits to livestock (as well as in fodder and medicine). This review will help to improve understanding of species control measures, while also increasing the productivity of ruminants.