College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
Genes (Basel). 2022 Nov 15;13(11):2123. doi: 10.3390/genes13112123.
Stone (hardened endocarp) has a very important role in the continuity of plant life. Nature has gifted plants with various seed protection and dispersal strategies. Stone-fruit-bearing species have evolved a unique adaptation in which the seed is encased in an extremely hard wood-like shell called the stone. The lignification of the fruit endocarp layer produces the stone, a feature that separates drupes from other plants. Stone cells emerge from parenchyma cells after programmed cell death and the deposition of cellulose and lignin in the secondary cell wall. Generally, the deposition of lignin in primary cell walls is followed by secondary thickening of cell walls to form stone cells. This review article describes the molecular mechanisms and factors that influence the production of stone in the fruit. This is the first review article that describes the molecular mechanisms regulating stone (harden endocarp) formation in fruits. This article will help breeders understand the molecular and genetic basis for the stone formation in fruit, and this could lead to new and innovative directions to breed stoneless fruit cultivars in the future.
石（硬化内果皮）在植物生命的连续性中起着非常重要的作用。大自然赋予了植物各种种子保护和传播策略。核果类植物进化出了一种独特的适应性，即种子被包裹在一种非常坚硬的木质外壳中，称为石。果实内果皮层的木质化产生了石，这一特征将核果与其他植物区分开来。石细胞从薄壁细胞中出现，是细胞程序性死亡以及纤维素和木质素在次生细胞壁中沉积的结果。通常，在初生细胞壁中木质素的沉积之后，细胞壁的次生加厚形成石细胞。本文综述了影响果实中石形成的分子机制和因素。这是第一篇描述调控果实中石（硬化内果皮）形成的分子机制的综述文章。本文将有助于育种者了解果实中石形成的分子和遗传基础，这可能为未来培育无石果实品种开辟新的创新方向。
