Different factors drive the assembly of pine and -associated microbiomes in -pine agroforestry systems.

Land-use conversion affects the composition and assembly of plant-associated microbiomes, which in turn affects plant growth, development, and ecosystem functioning. However, agroforestry systems, as sustainable land types, have received little attention regarding the dynamics of different plant-associated microbes. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the assembly mechanisms and the driving factors of pine- and ()-associated microbiomes during the conversion of different pine forests ( var. and ) into -pine agroforestry systems. The results showed that the conversion of pure pine forest into -pine agroforestry systems significantly altered the diversity of pine-associated fungi rather than the community structure, and the community structure of -associated fungi rather than the diversity. Additionally, plant-associated fungi were more responsive to land-use change than bacteria. Main effect analysis revealed that compartment rather than genotype was the driving factor of pine- and -associated microbiomes, but cultivation also significantly affected the assembly of pine-associated microbiomes. In addition, there was a transfer of endophytes to pine trees in agroforestry systems and the beneficial microbiomes (Massilia, Marmoricola, Herbaspirillum, etc.) were enlarged in pine roots. Therefore, the diversity of the assembly mechanisms of - and pine-associated microbiomes played an important role in the --pine agroforestry systems and were the basis for the sustainable development of the --pine agroforestry systems.