Phytoaccumulation of cadmium by Pelargonium × hortorum - tolerance and metal recovery.

The main aim of the present study was to assess the removal of cadmium (Cd) from contaminated soil by using Pelargonium × hortorum - an ornamental plant. Furthermore, the genotoxic impacts of Cd on plant was evaluated, and accumulated Cd in shoots were recovered as Cd-nanoparticles. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out with Cd (0-150 mg/kg) spiked soil. P. hortorum was grown for 24 weeks in a greenhouse. Subsequently, harvested root/shoot biomass and Cd concentration in root/shoot were determined. The micronucleus assay was performed to assess the genotoxicity of Cd within the selected plant. Accumulated Cd in shoots was recovered as Cd-nanoparticles and was characterized by SEM and XRD. Exposure to Cd exhibited a phytotoxic impact by reducing the plant biomass, but plant survived at higher Cd concentrations and the tolerance index was greater than 60% at a higher Cd level (150 mg/kg). Moreover, 257 mg/kg of Cd in aerial parts was observed, and maximum Cd uptake (120 mg plant) by P. hortorum was found at 150 mg/kg Cd. Plants exposed to Cd exhibited genotoxic impact by increasing the number of micronuclei by 59% at a higher Cd level (150 mg/kg) and the mitotic index was reduced by 20%. Furthermore, recovered nanoparticles were spherically shaped with an average size of 36.2-355 nm. The plant has potential for the removal of Cd and has exhibited good tolerance.