Zhang Chi, Zhao Jiang, Wang Weihao, Geng Huanhuan, Wang Yinzhe, Gao Baoshan
Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Jan;157:114062. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114062. Epub 2022 Dec 2.
Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system, however there are several shortcomings in current diagnostic and therapeutic measures. In terms of diagnosis, the diagnostic tools currently available are not sufficiently sensitive and specific, and imaging is poor, leading to misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses, which can delay treatment. In terms of treatment, current treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and other emerging treatments, as well as combination therapies. However, the main reasons for poor efficacy and side effects during treatment are the lack of specificity and targeting, improper dose control of drugs and photosensitizers, damage to normal cells while attacking cancer cells, and difficulty in delivering siRNA to cancer cells. Nanomedicine is an emerging approach. Among the many nanotechnologies applied in the medical field, nanocarrier-assisted drug delivery systems have attracted extensive research interest due to their great translational value. Well-designed nanoparticles can deliver agents or drugs to specific cell types within target organs through active targeting or passive targeting (enhanced permeability and retention), which allows for imaging, diagnosis, as well as treatment of cancer. This paper reviews advances in the application of various nanocarriers and their advantages and drawbacks, with a focus on their use in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.
膀胱癌是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤，然而目前的诊断和治疗措施存在一些缺点。在诊断方面，目前可用的诊断工具不够敏感和特异，成像效果不佳，导致误诊和漏诊，从而延误治疗。在治疗方面，目前的治疗选择包括手术、化疗、免疫疗法、基因疗法和其他新兴疗法以及联合疗法。然而，治疗期间疗效不佳和出现副作用的主要原因是缺乏特异性和靶向性、药物和光敏剂的剂量控制不当、在攻击癌细胞的同时对正常细胞造成损害以及难以将小干扰RNA递送至癌细胞。纳米医学是一种新兴方法。在医学领域应用的众多纳米技术中，纳米载体辅助药物递送系统因其巨大的转化价值而引起了广泛的研究兴趣。精心设计的纳米颗粒可以通过主动靶向或被动靶向（增强渗透和滞留效应）将药物或药剂递送至靶器官内的特定细胞类型，从而实现癌症的成像、诊断和治疗。本文综述了各种纳米载体的应用进展及其优缺点，重点介绍了它们在膀胱癌诊断和治疗中的应用。
