Ziegenhorn Morgan A, Hildebrand John A, Oleson Erin M, Baird Robin W, Wiggins Sean M, Baumann-Pickering Simone
Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA.
NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Honolulu Hawaii USA.
Ecol Evol. 2023 Jan 6;13(1):e9688. doi: 10.1002/ece3.9688. eCollection 2023 Jan.
Successful conservation and management of marine top predators rely on detailed documentation of spatiotemporal behavior. For cetacean species, this information is key to defining stocks, habitat use, and mitigating harmful interactions. Research focused on this goal is employing methodologies such as visual observations, tag data, and passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data. However, many studies are temporally limited or focus on only one or few species. In this study, we make use of an existing long-term (2009-2019), labeled PAM data set to examine spatiotemporal patterning of at least 10 odontocete (toothed whale) species in the Hawaiian Islands using compositional analyses and modeling techniques. Species composition differs among considered sites, and this difference is robust to seasonal movement patterns. Temporally, hour of day was the most significant predictor of detection across species and sites, followed by season, though patterns differed among species. We describe long-term trends in species detection at one site and note that they are markedly similar for many species. These trends may be related to long-term, underlying oceanographic cycles that will be the focus of future study. We demonstrate the variability of temporal patterns even at relatively close sites, which may imply that wide-ranging models of species presence are missing key fine-scale movement patterns. Documented seasonal differences in detection also highlights the importance of considering season in survey design both regionally and elsewhere. We emphasize the utility of long-term, continuous monitoring in highlighting temporal patterns that may relate to underlying climatic states and help us predict responses to climate change. We conclude that long-term PAM records are a valuable resource for documenting spatiotemporal patterns and can contribute many insights into the lives of top predators, even in highly studied regions such as the Hawaiian Islands.
海洋顶级捕食者的成功保护与管理依赖于对时空行为的详细记录。对于鲸类物种而言，这些信息是界定种群、栖息地利用以及减轻有害相互作用的关键。专注于这一目标的研究采用了诸如视觉观察、标签数据和被动声学监测（PAM）数据等方法。然而，许多研究在时间上存在局限性，或者仅关注一个或少数几个物种。在本研究中，我们利用现有的长期（2009 - 2019年）、带有标签的PAM数据集，运用成分分析和建模技术，研究夏威夷群岛至少10种齿鲸（有齿鲸）物种的时空格局。在所考虑的地点之间，物种组成存在差异，并且这种差异对于季节性移动模式具有稳健性。在时间方面，一天中的小时数是跨物种和地点检测的最显著预测因子，其次是季节，不过不同物种的模式有所不同。我们描述了一个地点物种检测的长期趋势，并指出许多物种的趋势明显相似。这些趋势可能与长期的、潜在的海洋学周期有关，这将是未来研究的重点。我们证明了即使在相对较近的地点，时间模式也存在变异性，这可能意味着广泛的物种存在模型遗漏了关键的精细尺度移动模式。记录的检测季节性差异也凸显了在区域和其他地方的调查设计中考虑季节的重要性。我们强调长期、连续监测在突出可能与潜在气候状态相关的时间模式以及帮助我们预测对气候变化的响应方面的效用。我们得出结论，长期的PAM记录是记录时空模式的宝贵资源，并且即使在像夏威夷群岛这样研究充分的地区，也能为顶级捕食者的生活提供许多见解。
