一种环境-食品关系的定量方法：综合模型和指数，用于评估农场管理实践的累积影响。
A quantitative approach on environment-food nexus: integrated modeling and indices for cumulative impact assessment of farm management practices.
机构信息
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
出版信息
PeerJ. 2023 Jan 30;11:e14816. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14816. eCollection 2023.
BACKGROUND
Best management practices (BMPs) are promising solutions that can partially control pollution discharged from farmlands. These strategies, like fertilizer reduction and using filter strips, mainly control nutrient (N and P) pollution loads in basins. However, they have secondary impacts on nutrition production and ecosystem. This study develops a method to evaluate the cumulative environmental impacts of BMPs. It also introduces and calculates food's environmental footprint (FEF) for accounting the total environmental damages per nutrition production.
METHODS
This study combines the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) for basin simulation with the indices of ReCiPe, a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method. By these means, the effectiveness of BMPs on pollution loads, production yields, and water footprints (WFs) are evaluated and converted as equivalent environmental damages. This method was verified in Zrebar Lake, western Iran. Here, water consumption, as WFs, and eutrophication are the main indices that are converted into equivalent health and ecological impairments. Two methods, entropy and environmental performance index (EPI), are used for weighting normalized endpoints in last step.
RESULTS
Results showed that using 25-50% less fertilizer and water for irrigation combined with vegetated filter strips reduce N and P pollution about 34-60% and 8-21%, respectively. These can decrease ecosystem damages by 5-9% and health risks by 7-14%. Here, freshwater eutrophication is a more critical damage in ecosystem. However, using less fertilizer adversely reduces total nutrition production by 1.7-3.7%. It means that BMPs can decline total ecological damages and health risks, which threatens nutrition production. FEF presents a tool to solve this dilemma about the sustainability of BMPs. In the study area, a 4-9% decrease in FEF means that BMPs are more environmental friendly than nutrition menacing. Finally, this study concludes that SWAT-ReCiPe with FEF provides a quantitative framework for environment-food nexus assessment. However, due to the uncertainties, this method is recommended as a tool for comparing management strategies instead of reporting certain values.
背景
最佳管理措施（BMPs）是一种有前途的解决方案，可以部分控制农田排放的污染。这些策略，如减少肥料和使用过滤带，主要控制流域中的养分（N 和 P）污染负荷。然而，它们对营养生产和生态系统有次要影响。本研究开发了一种评估 BMP 累积环境影响的方法。它还介绍并计算了食品的环境足迹（FEF），以核算每单位营养生产的总环境损害。
方法
本研究将流域模拟的土壤和水评估工具（SWAT）与生命周期影响评估（LCIA）方法 ReCiPe 的指标相结合。通过这些手段，评估了 BMP 对污染负荷、产量和水足迹（WFs）的有效性，并将其转化为等效环境损害。该方法在伊朗西部的 Zrebar 湖进行了验证。在这里，水消耗作为 WFs 和富营养化是主要指标，转化为等效的健康和生态损害。在最后一步中，使用熵和环境绩效指数（EPI）两种方法对归一化端点进行加权。
结果
结果表明，使用 25-50%的较少肥料和灌溉水，并结合植被过滤带，可分别减少 N 和 P 污染约 34-60%和 8-21%。这可以减少 5-9%的生态系统损害和 7-14%的健康风险。在这里，淡水富营养化是生态系统中更关键的损害。然而，减少肥料的使用会使总营养产量减少 1.7-3.7%。这意味着 BMPs 可以降低总生态损害和健康风险，从而威胁营养生产。FEF 提供了一种解决 BMP 可持续性这一两难问题的工具。在研究区域内，FEF 减少 4-9%意味着 BMPs 比营养威胁更环保。最后，本研究得出结论，SWAT-ReCiPe 与 FEF 为环境-食品关系评估提供了一个定量框架。然而，由于存在不确定性，建议将该方法用作比较管理策略的工具，而不是报告特定值。
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