Mutations and clinical characteristics of dRTA caused by mutations: Analysis based on published patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The genetic and clinical characteristics of patients with distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) caused by mutations have not been systematically recorded before. Here, we summarized the mutations and clinical characteristics associated with dRTA.

METHODS

Database was searched, and the mutations and clinical manifestations of patients were summarized from the relevant articles.

RESULTS

Fifty-three eligible articles involving 169 patients were included and 41 mutations were identified totally. Fifteen mutations involving 100 patients were autosomal dominant inheritance, 21 mutations involving 61 patients were autosomal recessive inheritance. Nephrocalcinosis or kidney stones were found in 72.27%, impairment in renal function in 14.29%, developmental disorders in 61.16%, hematological abnormalities in 33.88%, and muscle weakness in 13.45% of patients. The age of onset was younger ( < 0.01), urine pH was higher ( < 0.01), and serum potassium was lower ( < 0.001) in recessive patients than patients with dominant mutations. Autosomal recessive inheritance was more often found in Asian patients ( < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The children present with metabolic acidosis with high urinary pH, accompanying hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, nephrocalcinosis, growth retardation and hematological abnormalities should be suspected as dRTA and suggested a genetic testing. The patients with recessive dRTA are generally more severely affected than that with dominant mutations. Autosomal recessive inheritance was more often found in Asian patients, and more attentions should be paid to the Asian patients.