In-silico evaluation of an artificial pancreas achieving automatic glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Artificial pancreas (AP) is a useful tool for maintaining the blood glucose (BG) of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) within the euglycemic range. An intelligent controller has been developed based on general predictive control (GPC) for AP. This controller exhibits good performance with the UVA/Padova T1D mellitus simulator approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. In this work, the GPC controller was further evaluated under strict conditions, including a pump with noise and error, a CGM sensor with noise and error, a high carbohydrate intake, and a large population of 100 in-silico subjects. Test results showed that the subjects are in high risk for hypoglycemia. Thus, an insulin on board (IOB) calculator, as well as an adaptive control weighting parameter (AW) strategy, was introduced. The percentage of time spent in euglycemic range of the in-silico subjects was 86.0% ± 5.8%, and the patient group had a low risk of hypoglycemia with the GPC+IOB+AW controller. Moreover, the proposed AW strategy is more effective in hypoglycemia prevention and does not require any personalized data compared with the IOB calculator. Thus, the proposed controller realized an automatic control of the BG of patients with T1D without meal announcements and complex user interaction.