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Laura Chappuis, Alicia Egger, Gregory Roeder, Gaétan Glauser, Geoffrey Jaffuel, Betty Benrey, Luis Abdala-Roberts, Mary V Clancy, Ted C J Turlings, Carlos Bustos-Segura
FARCE laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland.
Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland.
J Chem Ecol. 2023 Jun;49(5-6):340-352. doi: 10.1007/s10886-023-01422-5. Epub 2023 May 9.
Cotton has been used as a model plant to study direct and indirect plant defence against herbivorous insects. However, the plant growing conditions could have an important effect on the outcome of such plant defence studies. We examined how common experimental growth conditions influence constitutive and inducible defences in two species of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum and G. herbaceum. We induced plants by applying caterpillar regurgitant to mechanical wounds to compare the induction levels between plants of both species grown in greenhouse or phytotron conditions. For this we measured defence metabolites (gossypol and heliocides) and performance of Spodoptera frugiperda caterpillars on different leaves, the emission of plant volatiles, and their attractiveness to parasitic wasps. Induction increased the levels of defence metabolites, which in turn decreased the performance of S. frugiperda larvae. Constitutive and induced defence levels were the highest in plants grown in the phytotron (compared to greenhouse plants), G. hirsutum and young leaves. Defence induction was more pronounced in plants grown in the phytotron and in young leaves. Also, the differences between growing conditions were more evident for metabolites in the youngest leaves, indicating an interaction with plant ontogeny. The composition of emitted volatiles was different between plants from the two growth conditions, with greenhouse-grown plants showing more variation than phytotron-grown plants. Also, G. hirsutum released higher amounts of volatiles and attracted more parasitic wasps than G. herbaceum. Overall, these results highlight the importance of experimental abiotic factors in plant defence induction and ontogeny of defences. We therefore suggest careful consideration in selecting the appropriate experimental growing conditions for studies on plant defences.
棉花被用作研究植物对草食性昆虫的直接和间接防御的模式植物。然而，植物的生长条件可能对这种植物防御研究的结果产生重要影响。我们研究了常见的实验生长条件如何影响两种棉花（陆地棉和草棉）的组成型和诱导型防御。我们通过向机械伤口涂抹毛毛虫反刍物来诱导植物，以比较在温室或人工气候室内生长的两种植物的诱导水平。为此，我们测量了防御代谢物（棉酚和海胆素）和 S. frugiperda 毛毛虫在不同叶片上的表现，植物挥发物的排放及其对寄生蜂的吸引力。诱导增加了防御代谢物的水平，这反过来又降低了 S. frugiperda 幼虫的表现。与温室植物相比，在人工气候室内生长的植物（与温室植物相比）、陆地棉和嫩叶的组成型和诱导型防御水平最高。在人工气候室内生长的植物和嫩叶中，防御诱导更为明显。此外，生长条件之间的差异在最年轻的叶片中的代谢物更为明显，表明与植物个体发育有关。两种生长条件下植物释放的挥发性化合物组成不同，温室植物比人工气候室内植物表现出更多的变化。此外，陆地棉释放的挥发性物质更多，吸引的寄生蜂也比草棉多。总体而言，这些结果强调了实验非生物因素在植物防御诱导和防御的个体发育中的重要性。因此，我们建议在选择植物防御研究的适当实验生长条件时要慎重考虑。
