Fragment-Based Discovery of Azocyclic Alkyl Naphthalenesulfonamides as Keap1-Nrf2 Inhibitors for Acute Lung Injury Treatment.

Blocking the Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is a promising strategy to alleviate acute lung injury (ALI). A naphthalensulfonamide NXPZ-2, targeting Keap1-Nrf2 interaction to release Nrf2, was confirmed to exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activities, however, accompanying nonideal solubility and PK profiles. To further improve the properties, twenty-nine novel naphthalenesulfonamide derivatives were designed by a fragment-based strategy. Among them, compound with a ()-azetidine group displayed the highest PPI inhibitory activity ( = 0.22 μM). The hydrochloric acid form of exhibited a 9-fold improvement on water solubility ( = 484 μg/mL, pH = 7.0) compared to NXPZ-2 ( = 55 μg/mL, pH = 7.0). It could significantly reduce LPS-induced lung oxidative damages and inflammations in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a satisfactory pharmacokinetic property was revealed. In conclusion, the novel azetidine-containing naphthalenesulfonamide represents a promising drug candidate for Keap1-targeting ALI treatment.