Molecular basis and mechanism of action of in depression treatment and clinical application of its formulae.

is empirically used as an antidepressant in clinical practice. Preclinical studies have indicated that its total extracts or bioactive constituents exerted antidepressant-like responses in animal models, providing the molecular basis to reveal its underlying mechanism of action. While attempts have been made to understand the antidepressant effect of , many fundamental questions regarding its mechanism of action remain to be addressed at the molecular and systems levels. In this review, we conclusively discussed the mechanism of action of and formulae by reviewing recent preclinical and clinical studies conducted by using depressive animal models and depressive patients. Several representative bioactive constituents and formulae were highlighted as examples, and their mechanisms of action were discussed. In addition, some representative formulae that have been shown to be compatible with conventional antidepressants in clinical practice were also reviewed. Furthermore, we discussed the future research directions to reveal the underlying mechanism of at the molecular and systems levels in depression treatment. The integrated study using both the molecular and systematic approaches is required not only for improving our understanding of its molecular basis and mechanisms of action, but also for providing a way to discover novel agents or approaches for the effective and systematic treatment of depression.